干货 | 攻克初中英语阅读理解！（详细）

一．细节理解题 

常见设题方式： 

How many/How much/What/Who/When/Where/How…?

What does the writer think of…?

Which of the following statements is true/false?

Which of the following is/isn’t mentioned?

Which is the right order of the events given in the passage?

题型特点：细节题占阅读理解的比例很大，阅读时要特别注意以下几点

1.阅读时，必须以原文提供的事实、细节和逻辑关系为依据，切忌把自己的观点和看法与原文或作者的观点、看法混为一谈。

2.文章中的数字、日期、时间都是设题的重点，此类题目很少是文章中表层出现的数字或日期，通常需要做简单的计算。

解题方法：

1. 跳读查找法

这个方法的要点在于先看题干，带着问题读文章。以what, who, where, when, why, how 提问的问题，可以从文章中直接找到答案。做这类题时可以边读边做记号，能加强阅读的针对性，提高做题的准确率，节省宝贵的时间， 另外，运用跳读查找法解题时， 要特别注意试题以及选项与原文之间的适当变换。中考中很少有直接用原文中的句子进行考查和测试的，通常要进行一定的处理，而这种“处理”主要就是进行语义转换，其中包括同义变换、概念解析、归纳事实等。

例： Iceland lies in the North Atlantic Ocean. It is the second largest island in Europe. The country has a total area of 103,000 square kilometers and a coastline of about 6,600 km. The island is 300 km wide from north to south, and 500 km across from west to east.

 1.In Iceland, the distance from north to south is _________that from west to east.

A much longer than   B shorter than

C. the same as            D. a little longer than

2. 排除法

排序题也属于细节理解题的一种题型，它通常出现在说明文中。这类文章有明显的信息词，如first, to begin with, after that, afterwards, later, next, second, third, then, finally等。按照信息词的提示阅读，可以加快理解的进程。在做细节排序题时，首先要确定首或尾的答案，通常四个选项中会有两个选项的顺序类似，正确答案往往在这两个选项中选择，找到两者的不同之处，回到原文，进行核对，一旦确定，后面的排序就不用再比较了。

例题：

Chinese team first lands on Antarctic icecap peak (南极冰盖最高点)

A 12-man Chinese team landed on the Antarctic icecap peak on January 18. They are the first people to reach the peak of Dome A (海穹A). It is 4,039 meters above sea level (海拔).

The team built a station there to study the changes of the weather, get ice samples (标本) from 150 meters to 200 meters below, and do other studies. So far, the team has got nearly 100-meter long ice samples from a place about 300 meters under the icecap peak.

It is the first time that people have been able to get samples from the icecap peak in Antarctica and it is very important for people to study the weather changes and environmental changes in this area(地区).

The Chinese scientists have also built a weather study system (系统) at the peak. The system can send out information about temperature, how strong the wind is, and many other things about the weather.

Q:Put the following in the right order（顺序） according to the passage.

a. They built a station to study the changes of weather   

b.A Chinese team landed on Antarctic icecap peak     

c. The Chinese scientists built a weather study system     

d. They got ice samples from the icecap peak.

A. b→a→d→c    

B. b→a→c→d      

C. c→b→a→d     

D. b→c→d→a 

3. 简单计算法

数字计算题也是细节理解题的一种，要求对文章中提到的数据进行简单的加减乘除运算，以便得出符合题目要求的数据。解答这类题目时，首先要弄清题干的要求是什么，然后找到与它相关的数字，再对它们进行分析、整合，最后计算出正确答案。

例：The destruction of the world’s rain forests has drawn more and more people’s attention. Unluckily, rain forests are disappearing(消失) at a rate of 80 acres per minute! As part of a class project, Myers’ students bought three acres of rain forest in Central America. They paid $25 per acre. The students hope that the land they bought will be protected and not destroyed. The students became so interested in rain forests that they decided to get a closer look at a real rain forest.

53. How much did Myers’ students pay for the rain forest they bought?

   A. $25         B. $75         C. $80       D. $2000

二．推理判断题

题型特点：这种题型要求考生尽量考虑文章中全部信息和事实，在通篇理解文章的基础上，严格按照作者提供的信息推断出作者的言外之意。

常见设题方式： 

From the text, it can be inferred that ________.

The passage suggests that_________.

From the passage, we learn that: ________.

What can we learn from the passage?

The writer probably agrees that________.

解题思路：推理和判断两者密不可分。推理是为了判断，判断依赖于推理。推理判断题要求根据原文，经过推理，进行判断，从而得出结论，所以推理判断题的答案不能在文中直接找出。但是，推理时务必要忠实于原文，在文章中寻找可推论的依据，切忌妄加评论，把自己的观点当成作者的观点。

1．正确选项的特点

（1）正确答案一般含义比较丰富，具有一定的综合性和概括性；

（2）正确答案的表述一般不会太绝对，而会用一些相对能够留下一些余地的词汇，如often, usually, sometimes, some, may, might, can, could, possibly, probably等；

（3）正确答案有的时候反而是与通过常识判断得出的结论相反，要特别注意。

2．干扰选项的特点

（1）只是原文的简单复述，而非推断出的结论【事实重现（不是推理出来的）】

（2）看似从原文推断出来的结论，然而实际上与原文不符；【偷梁换柱】

（3）虽然以文章提供的事实或内在逻辑为推理依据，但推理过头、概括过度【以偏概全】

（4）有部分选项的内容纯属编造。【无中生有】 

例题：When I saw him the next day, he was smiling and cheerful as ever. When I bent down to put some change in his cup, I also dropped the watch in. I didn’t say anything about it. I just smiled at him and kept on walking. He didn’t even notice it until I left. I looked back and watched as he pulled the watch from the cup. He looked to me and I just smiled and nodded. He put the watch on with a big smile on his face and I walked happily on my way.

28. From the passage we can learn that _______.

A. the old man knew the writer had brought him a new watch

B. the old man didn’t see it when the writer put the watch in the cup

C. the writer dropped nothing but a watch in the cup

D. the watch must have cost the writer a lot of money

三．词义（组）猜测

题型特点：考生应该紧扣原文，根据上下文的语境进行合理判断，既不要望文生义，也不要断章取义，更不能只选择自己认识或熟悉的意思。

干扰项出现的错误选项，一般多是学生比较熟悉、想当然的词典意义，或者适应学生习惯的汉语思维方式；而正确的含义往往不只是词典上的，而是要通过上下文内容的提示才能确定的。

常见设题方式：

What does the underlined word “…” probably mean in Chinese?

What does the word“…”in Paragraph2 probably mean?

The word(s) “…”in Paragraph 4 probably mean(s)…

The underlined word “…” in Paragraph 4 means __________.

解这类题时应注意以下特点：

①注意一些过渡词语，如that is, this is, in other words等，它们直接引出了同义解释；

②注意连接词及被猜测的词前后的因果，让步，递进，转折，列举及承上启下等各种连接上下文的特殊功能。

③注意同义词、近义词、反义词、定语从句，相似或相反的结构等。

④对于句中首字母或全部是大写的单词,应该猜出可能是专有名词(人名、地名、组织等)，因此拼读有时是最合适的方法。

例1： Emojis are now used as a new form of expression, and one which can cross language barriers(障碍). "Emojis are popular among millennials, who were born between late 1980s and early 2000s, because they welcome new technology and new things and they think emojis are flexible ", president of Oxford Dictionaries told The Wall Street Journal says.

46. What does the underlined word "millennials" in the 3rd paragraph mean in Chinese?

   A. 80后    B. 00后     C. 独生子女    D. 千禧一代:

例2：The destruction of the world’s rain forests has drawn more and more people’s attention. Unluckily, rain forests are disappearing(消失) at a rate of 80 acres per minute!

55. The underlined word “destruction” in paragraph 2 probably means ______.

   A. 破坏         B. 发展      C. 描述        D. 保护

具体解题思路：通常，猜测词义题常用下面这八种方法：

方法一：构词法

I. 派生词法：根据一部分英语单词的词根，观察词头（前缀）或词尾（后缀）来猜词义。

例题：I will not make friends with a dishonest person.

A. not honestB. not trueC. not lovelyD. not friendly

根据派生词法可知，dis-作为前缀有 “not”的意思，所以答案为A。

方法二：合成词法

（1）由两个单词组成的新词，可根据两个词的意思猜测出新词的词义。

例题：Overweight is bad for your health.

A. too muchB. too fatC. too smallD. too noisy

根据合成词法可知答案为B。

（2）根据标点符号猜测词义，具体方法是：在“——”, “,”, “:”后面的内容通常都是对前面语言的解释、描写和补充说明。

例题：The Greek marriage was monogamous——men and women were allowed only one spouse(配偶) at a time.

根据破折号“——”后面的解释可以猜测出划线词的词义是“一夫一妻制”。

方法三：同义词、近义词法

看到“be considered as, refer to, and, or, also”等常连接同义词组的标志词时，可以根据这些标志词前后句的同义词关系猜测出词义。

例题：Doctors believe that smoking cigarettes is detrimental to your health. They also regard drinking as harmful.

根据第二句中的“also”可知，前后两句是同义关系，所以harmful与detrimental也是同义关系，可知中文意思是“有害的”。

方法四：因果关系法

看到“ because，as，since，for，so，as a result, so, so … that, such … that 等表示前因后果关系的关联词时，根据因果关系判断出词义。

例:All his attempts (尝试）to unlock the door were futile, because she was using the wrong key.

根据“because”后面句子的意思与前面的句子是因果关系，可以猜测出词义是“徒劳的、无效的”。

方法五：对比转折关系法

看到“but, while, however, instead of , rather than , unlike, yet, though …”表示转折关系的关联词时，根据转折关系猜出词义。

例题：Although the early morning had been very cool, the noonday sun was tropical.

根据“although”引导的让步状语从句与主句之间的转折关系，可以判断出tropical与cool应该互为反义词，所以词义是“热的”。

方法六：生活常识法

例题：John got on the motorbike, I sat behind him on the pillion, and we roared off into the night.

根据“I sat behind him on the…”可以判断出：我坐在了摩托车的后座上。

方法七：举例法

看到“such as, like, for example”等举例的标志词时，可以根据后面的例句猜测词义。

例题：Today young couples who are just starting their households often spend lots of money on appliances, for example, washing machines, refrigerators and color televisions.

根据“for example”后面的句子可以判断出词义是“家用电器”。

方法八：定义或释义法 

看到“that is to say, in other words, mean, be considered, refer to, be known as, define, namely, be called, 定语从句”等标志词时，根据定义法猜测词义。

例题：Endangered means that without human help an animal or plant will become extinct which means that the animal or plant will never again stay alive on earth.

   A. dead       B. dangerous   C. bright     D. natural

“which means that……” 就是解释和定义，所以可知正确答案是A。

四．主旨（段落）大意题及标题归纳题

题型特点解答这类题时，不能只凭文中的只言片语而断章取义。在涉及文章的主题(main idea)、结论(conclusion)、结局(ending)等有关问题时，需要在细读全文的基础上，结合所学语言知识、背景知识、生活常识等进行逻辑推理和判断，从而挖掘出文章中隐含的信息。

常见设题方式：

The general idea of the passage is about_________.

The main purpose of the passage is_________.

What does the passage mainly talk about?

What’s the passage/Paragraph3 mainly about?

What can be the best title for the passage?

What is the best title of the passage?

Which of the following would be the best title for the passage?  

解题技巧：

1.看文章首尾和各段开头，找出主题句或通过浏览全文，抓住关键字眼，把握主旨。 

2.通过分析篇章结构找出每一小段的主题句，然后通过寻找共同点，找出整个文章的主题句。

3.标题归纳题型也属于主旨大意题，文章的标题具有概括性的特点，故所选的标题应在最大程度上覆盖全文，囊括文章的主要内容，体现文章的主题，切忌所选标题以偏概全。

4.这类题目需要对文章有整体性的把握，建议最后做。

例题1： What’s the best title of the passage?

A. How to Help Others    

B. Don’t Throw Old Things Away

C. An Expensive Gift    

D. A Homeless Old Man

例题2：The passage mainly shows that Myers and his students __________.

A. did something to protect rain forest         

B. wanted to buy the rain forest

C. were interested in the culture              

D. went to the rain forest for fun

阅读理解在哪里快速找答案？

1.首段和尾段 

一篇文章的主题句、中心思想往往出现在文章的首段或者尾段。许多文章开门见山地在第一段就提出了要说明的对象或者要论证的观点，而文章的最后一段一般也会对全文的说明和论证进行总结。

策略：通过一些标志性词汇或者短语，我们可以更快地找到这些总结性句子，如：

all in all, in short, to conclude, in summary, in a word, as a result,  主题句考查了考生是否能够把握文章大意的能力，因此是常考且几乎是必考的一个考点。

2. 长难句

长难句是阅读理解的主要难度所在，其中包含了插入语、定语、不定式、分词、各种从句等，有的句子甚至长达好几行。这些复杂的句型也往往成为了出题的重点所在。

策略：加强训练自己对付长难句的能力，平时有意识地去分解这些句子，理解其中的指代关系和句子层次。

3.列举处

标志性的词汇包括：First, Second, Third… ; Firstly, Secondly, Thirdly… Finally; First of all, Then, In addition, Further, Furthermore, Besides, Moreover… 

策略：把这些词圈起来，考题中一般会出现四个选项对比，这样非常好在文章中找。

4.举例处 

例子往往与作者的说明与论述有很大的关联，具有重大的意义，因此也成为了考题出处的热点。这种题目在文章中的线索非常明显，一般都带有如下的标志性词汇：for example,  take … as an example, as, such as, like等。

策略：一般文章举例处的前一句或者前几句就是与该例子相关的作者论点，所以在做此类题目的时候就需要追本溯源地往前读，才能保证所选答案的正确率。

5.因果关系处 

表示因果关系的句子是中考英语命题者所青睐的出题来源，因为因果句阐述了两个事件或者事实之间的内在联系，出题者为了考查考生的阅读能力和逻辑分析能力，经常会把含有因果关系的句子倒过来考，因此选项中因变成了果、果变成了因，考生需要注意辨别实际的因果关系，防止受到迷惑。

表示因果关系的词语有：because, because of, so, for, since, as, as a result; result from, result in, cause, lead to,  base, reason, result等。

6.转折、对比、类比处  

文章的转折也是体现作者观点和文章主题的地方，一些明显的转折词包括：but, however, on the contrary, yet, as a matter of fact, in fact, actually 等。

策略：转折词前后的意思一般来说都是相反的，而作者会偏重其中的某一方。因此，在阅读过程中看到转折词，最好能作上标志以方便做题时候的查找。

特别需要指出的是，只要文章第一段中出现一组对比的概念或事物，这个地方往往会成为考题的命题重点。

7.特殊词汇处  

中考英语阅读试题中经常考查考生对于一些词语和词汇的理解，这些特殊词汇包括了平时不经常使用的生僻词、常见词语平时不经常用到的意思或搭配、以及关系代词等。

策略：解题关键在于读懂词汇所在文章位置的上下文，从而推断中其意思。

8. 数字和年代  

中考阅读中经常出现对于数字和年代等细节的考查，看似容易，但是考生经常由于疏忽大意而失掉这些最容易的分数。

其中要注意以下几点原则：

9.专有名词 

所谓的专有名词包括人名、地名、机构名称、书籍文章影视作品的名称以及其他专有名词。

在阅读文章的过程中，每遇到专有名词可以用铅笔作上标记，以便如果在题目中出现相应专有名词可以进行快速定位。

10.最高级词汇 

最高级词汇以及其他一些表示唯一性的词汇由于其意义的绝对性，因而不容易产生歧义，所以也经常成为出题对象。这些词语包括形容词和副词的最高级，以及以下词汇：only, simply,   just, always, forever, never, none, must, all, any (anyone, anybody, anywhere) 等。

11.引用处

说明文或者议论文中经常引用他人的观点来支持、佐证作者的观点。引文有可能是从正面来支持作者的观点，也有可能是作者通过驳斥反面观点从而论证自己的观点。

因此，引文间接地表达了作者自己的观点，有一定的隐蔽性和迷惑性，所以也是出题考查的热点地区，通常会考查考生的推理能力和对作者态度观点的判断能力。

12.段首和段尾

无论是说明文还是议论文，一篇文章往往会分成几个部分或层次进行说明和论证，每一个段落一般都是一个部分或者层次。英美人写文章的逻辑性非常强，文章结构都非常规范，因此每个段落的首句和尾句也经常是该段落的中心思想句，因此也是出题的重点区域，涉及的问题包括了中心思想题、推理判断题和细节题等。在进行快速阅读的时候，考生只需要浏览文章每一段的第一句话就大致能够判断这篇文章的中心思想和主旨。

13.特殊标点符号

有一些特殊的标点符号也经常成为出题的对象，因此考生应该对以下标点符号的用法较为熟悉：冒号、括号、破折号以及引号。

逗号：两个逗号之间的内容、或者一个逗号后面的内容，通常都起到补充说明第一个逗号前面内容的作用。

冒号：冒号后面的内容通常都是用来解释说明前面的内容，例如前面是抽象的概念后面就是对这个概念的具体说明。

括号：括号中间的内容通常用来解释或补充说明括号前面的内容。

破折号：两个破折号之间的内容、或者一个破折号后面的内容，通常表示解释说明或者补充说明。

引号：表示引用他人的观点，一般用来从正面或者反面支持作者的观点。

相关的考题一般都是关于文章细节的问题。需要注意的是考题在考查标点符号用法是往往不会明确说明，需要考生自己去判断并根据具体情况分析标点符号的用法。

正确答案的20个特征

练习：

A

 Shawneen Mountain is a perfect place for skiing. Lifts（电梯）can help tourists get to the top of the mountain in 3 minutes. The following is the price table of the lift tickets.

31. If a child of 42cm tall takes the lift with his 18-year-old brother on Thursday morning, they will pay _______.

A. $41     B. $48    C. $37    D. $74

32. As a college student, you can buy a lift ticket at a lower price if you show your _________.

A. college name

B. college ID

C. phone number

D. Active Duty ID

33. Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?

A. It takes 3 hours to get to the top of Shawneen Mountain by lift.

B. Tourists can’t take the lift at 9: 30 a. m. on Sunday morning .

C. A soldier shouldn’t pay $55 for the ticket at weekends with his Active Duty ID.

D. People aged over 70 are also welcome to Shawneen Mountain.

 B

D

Mike Myers is a teacher at Chauncey Rose High School in Terre Haute, Indiana. Last year, he taught his students about the world’s rain forests. They learned that rain forests are important because the plants and animals of the rain forest give us food, wood and medicine.

The destruction of the world’s rain forests has drawn more and more people’s attention. Unluckily, rain forests are disappearing(消失) at a rate of 80 acres per minute! As part of a class project, Myers’ students bought three acres of rain forest in Central America. They paid $25 per acre. The students hope that the land they bought will be protected and not destroyed. The students became so interested in rain forests that they decided to get a closer look at a real rain forest.

So last June, Myers and four of his students took a boat ride down a river. They saw alligators and crocodiles. In the middle of the week, a guide took Myers and his students into the rain forest. “The monkeys were not happy that we were in their forest. They broke small branches off the trees and threw them at us.” one of the students said.

Each student chose something specific about Costa Rica to study involving the plants, animals, food and culture. During the last few days the group had time to do fun activities. They went whitewater rafting and horseback riding, and visited Costa Rica’s active volcano(火山).

Myers hopes to make the trip every year with a different group of kids.

41. How much did Myers’ students pay for the rain forest they bought?

   A. $25         B. $75         C. $80       D. $2000

42. What did Myers and his students do at the beginning of the trip?

A. They went into the rain forest.         

B. They bought acres of rain forest.

C. They took a boat ride down a river.    

D. They visited Costa Rica’s active volcano.

43. The underlined word “destruction” in paragraph 2 probably means ______.

   A. 破坏         B. 发展      C. 描述        D. 保护

44. When the monkeys saw Myers and his students, they ___________.

   A. felt excited     B. felt angry   C. jumped off the trees  D. left the rain forest

45. The passage mainly shows that Myers and his students __________.

A. did something to protect rain forest         

B. wanted to buy the rain forest

C. were interested in the culture                   

D. went to the rain forest for fun